J.Jpn. Surg. Soc.. 58(12): 1928-1941, 1958

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STUDIES ON COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA

PART ONE
In the course of research on color photography by means of gastrocamera, an attempt is mabe to ascertain the best set of conditions at which the color of gastric mucosa is to be reproduced most accurately on the film. Throughout the experiments Ektachrome Type B (ASA 8) and a gastrocamera of the GY II type with the lens aperture of F : 10 has been used. The findings are as follows :
1. About 500 cc. of air has to be pumped into the stomach at the time of photographing.
2. By using an artificial sham stomach, the best exposure was obtained at the source voltage of 40 volts and at the camera object distance of 4 cm. The film was underexposed at the distance of 7 cm, and overexposed at 2 cm. It was again underexposed at less than 2 cm. It is not desirabl to shift the source voltage to obtain the right exposure as the color reproducibility is then seriously affected. In such a case the use of a filter is recommended.
3. By photographing the Lagolio color table first at a known color temperature and then by the gastrocamera with its own light source, the color temperature of the lamp has been calculated to be from 3,100 to 3,200 degrees K, with the voltage of 40 to 41 volts and the distance of 5 cm. When the voltage was lowered to the level of 36 to 38 volts, the color reproducibility became markedly unsatisfactory.
4. A test-chart to provide a set of wide range of colors is designed. The background was painted with a 80-20% mixture of yellow and magenta. This was regarded to be almost identical with the color of the gastric mucosa. Sixteen colors were arranged in due order upon this sheet, each being a mixture of any two of yellow, magenta and cyan at the proportion ranging from 20 to 100% at the interval of 20%. The white was also included among these sixteen. In photographing this test chart, the best color reproducibility was obtained at 40 volts and at the distance of 5 cm.
5. The color temperature of the camera was ascertained, through direct measurement, to be 3,200 degrees K with the source voltage of 40 volts and the source light volume of 16 lumen/sec. The guide number of this camera has also been calulated to be 43/cm.This gives the optimum camera-object distance of 4.3 cm, the lens aperture being F: 10.Thus the above-mentioned findings have been proved to be theoretically well-grounded.
6. When a new kind of film or camera is to be used, one is recommended to make a preliminary test by photographing the test chart mentioned above at different voltages and distances and to determine the conditions at which the most satisfactory color reproducibility is to be obtained. By thus doing one can be spared the fumbling with exacting measuring apparatus.
PART TWO
Above described fundamentals are applied on numerous clinical cases.
The cardia and the pyloric part on the side of the lesser curvature is usually inaccessible to gastrocamera photography. The gastrocamera can be used more efficiently than the roentgen ray examination in the study of lesions lying on the anterior wall and the gastric corpus just behind the costal arch. In the practice of photographing attention should be paid to take pictures systematically and to leave as small an area as possible unrecorded. The gastrocamera can, when used with such cautions, become a formidable tool in confirming the diagnosis.
1. It is highly recommendable to make a dynamic observation of the gastric wall.The peristaltic movement can be brought to view by taking serial pictures of the same area. We can also obtain a synthetic view of the lesion by photographing the same area at different angles.
2. We can make a diagnosis of a benign ulcer without much difficulty by the whitish glare of the fibrinous membrane over the ulcer, the characteristic figure of the edge of it, and the appearance of the gastric mucosa surrounding it.
3. Chronic gastritis has been classified after Schindler into superficial gastritis, atrophic gastritis and hypertrophic gastritis. Of these three types, the first two can be differentiated rather easily, but caution has to be paid in labelling as hypertrophic gastritis.
4. Localized petechiae of the stomach are not always indicative of the presence of an inflammation. The submucosal hemorrhage on the greater curvature is often caused by mechanical disturbances alone.
5. Cancer of the stomach is often classified after Borrmann. The type I, II and III are often detectable by means of gastrocamera. Judicious interpretation of the film is hereby desired.
6. Benign neoplasm, foreign body etc. can usually be diagnosed without difficulty on account of their respective characteristics.
(author's abstract)

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